Dilwara Jain Temples

The Dilwara temples near Mount Abu, comprising five shrines adorned with marble carvings, stand as a proof to human ingenuity and creativity, writes V Guhan

Mount Abu is a famous pilgrim centre. But there is more to the place than meets the eye. The Dilwara temples, barely three kms from the town, are truly worth a visit. These Jain Shvetambara temples are set on a hill in the midst of a mango grove. The interiors defy the lassitude of the exterior, barricaded by high walls and barbed wire. Every nook and corner of the temples is adorned with beautifully carved marbles. There are five shrines – Vimal Vasahi, Luna Vasahi, Pithalhar, Khatter Vasahi (Parshwanath) and Mahaveer swami – belonging to different centuries. The first two shrines are completely made of white marbles with mind-blowing carvings and ornamentation on the walls, doors, pillars, mandaps, torans, ceiling etc. The carvings take floral designs besides various forms depicting the beliefs of Jains and the life of Thirthankaras. With none of the designs repeated anywhere in the structure, the temples stand as a proof to human ingenuity and creativity. Temple of Mahaveer swami: This is a small and simple structure constructed in 1582 AD and dedicated to the 24th Jain Tirthankar, Lord Mahaveer. There are pictures on the upper walls of the porch painted in 1764 AD by the artists of Sirohi. The real treasures of Dilwara are inside the Vimal Vasahi and Luna Vasahi temples.

Vimal Vasahi temple: Vimal Shah, the patron after whom the temple is named, was a minister of state in the early 11th century. He is said to have spent Rs 18.53 crores to build this temple to atone for his sins committed on the battlefields. It took 14 years to build this temple by 1500 artisans and 1200 labourers.The marble was brought from Arasoori hill near Ambaji, 20 kms from Abu Road. The temple is dedicated to Adinath. According to a historian, the artisans were paid in gold and silver. The shrine is less ornate thus making the carving seem more fine and beautiful.

While entering the embellished door of Vimal Vasahi, we get a glimpse of the grandeur of sculpted marble, exquisite carvings on the domes, pillars and arches. It has a circumambulatory corridor comprising 57 cells. In each cell, image of one or the other Jain Thirthankar is installed. In front of every cell, carved roofs are screened by double arcade of pillars. And the pillars have fine carvings of nymphs and musicians. The most celebrated section of the temple is the 'Rang Mantap' which is supported by 12 pillars whose brackets are elaborately carved to resemble garlands or 'torana's. The brackets stretch from the edge of the Rang Mantap's ceiling towards the centre and carved with fluid grace in the shape of dancing women. They seem to hang from the ceiling rather than hold it up.

Rang Mantap: In the centre of the dome hangs a big ornamental pendant. It hangs from the centre more like a crystal drops and is finished with a delicacy of details and appropriateness of an ornament which is probably hard to find anywhere else. How the weight of the hanging mass of fretted marble is supported is a mystery.

Luna Vasahi: Luna Vasahi or Neemnath temple (1230 AD) is structurally identical to Vimal Vasahi though different gods are depicted on its walls and ceilings. Built by two brothers, Vastipal and Tejpal, this splendid shrine, though smaller than Vimal Vasahi, is far more in perfection when it comes to design and depiction.

Hastishala (elephant cell): This cell has 10 beautiful elephants made from marble with details such as ropes, garlands, tusks, trappings etc.

Pitalhar temple: A massive metal statue with rich carving of Rishabadev (Adinath), cast in five metals, mainly 'Pittal' (brass) is installed in the temple and it is due to this reason that the temple is called Pitalhar temple.

Parshwanath: This is the tallest of all shrines at Dilwara. Made with sandstone, the sanctum has the marble idol of Parswanath. The statue is canopied by nine snakehoods and elaborate 'parikar' around each figure. The outer walls of the sanctum contains some beautiful and vibrant sculptures in grey sandstone.

No description or drawing can truly explain how beautiful an architecture these temples carry. It has to be seen to be believed. Vimal Vasahi temple: Vimal Shah, the patron after whom the temple is named, was a minister of state in the early 11th century. He is said to have spent Rs 18.53 crores to build this temple to atone for his sins committed on the battlefields. It took 14 years to build this temple by 1500 artisans and 1200 labourers.The marble was brought from Arasoori hill near Ambaji, 20 kms from Abu Road. The temple is dedicated to Adinath. According to a historian, the artisans were paid in gold and silver. The shrine is less ornate thus making the carving seem more fine and beautiful.

Spreading message of Jainism in Germany

 

By Team Mangalorean
Photographs: RK Bhat

 

Dharmastala:

Among the thousands of devotees gathered at the Mahamastakabhisheka of Lord Bahubali here atop Ratnagiri hills in Dharmastala, a special pair of devotees caught the attention of all.

 

 

Mangalorean.com met up with a German couple who came to India for studying Jainism and also wrote a book about 'Jainism Today and its Future'.  This book has already been published.  The next book they are writing about is 'Dakshina Bharathadalli Jaina Paddathiya Pooja Vidhi Vidhanagalu'.

 

 

The couple named as Robert Zydenbos who is a professor of Indology, Munich University, Germany and his wife Eva Glasmbrenner, who is a Sanskrit Tutor in the University of Munich.  Prof Robert came to India 17 years back and has participated in six mastakabhishekas, three in Shravanabelagola, one in Karkala and two in Dharmasthala. 

 

 

He has to his credit a Doctorate in Netherland University for the book 'Swathantrothara Kannada Gadhyasahityadalli iruva Sanskritha Vishista Kathavasthugalu'.  He has specially come from Germany to attend this Mahamastakabhisheka.

 

 

When Mangalorean.com spoke to him about his feelings and experience regarding this Mastakabhisheka he said that he was very happy taking part in all the religious rituals of the Mahamastakabhiseka.  "I am collecting information about Jainism and introducing this Jainism to my mother land, Germany" he said.

 

Both Robert and Eva speak fluent Kannada.

 

 

Dharmasthala - Promoting Universal Peace and Brotherhood

Dharmasthala - Promoting Universal Peace and Brotherhood

 

By Team Mangalorean
Photographs: RK Bhat

 

The consecration of the monolith statue of Bhagwan Lord Bahubali at Shree Kshetra Dharmasthala was the result of a dream realized by most revered Late Ratnaverma Heggade.

Synonymous to the adage, he came, he saw, he conquered.  The go-getter that he was, Ratnaverma Heggade got inspired with the idea way back in 1962 when he participated in the Masthkabhisheka of the lord at Karkala along with his wife Smt. Ratnaverma Heggade, viewing the spectacle of the anointment of the huge idol with colourful concoctions of milk, sandal, turmeric, vermilion among other fluids, he expressed his desire to see one such mammoth idol in the temple town of Dharmasthala.

 

 

Expressing his desire and having received an equivocal response from his wife, Ratnaverma Heggade was all excited as he discussed the proposal with his personal advisor and eminent lawyer of the time in Mangalore, Sri K. B. Jinaraj Hegde.  He too, in turn gave his nod and the proposal was put forth before noted architect Sri Renjala Gopala Shenoy from Karkala. Being restricted to sculpting small little idols, Shenoy accepted the challenge as if it were to be his life achievement.

The height of the monolith was then left to the availability of proper stone structure and the exploration began.  Fortunately, they did not have to go far as soon after they found a solid granite rock of about 53 feet length at Mangalapade near Karkala.  To everyone's surprise, people here informed that an aged Christian used to sit near the rock claiming that a Godly figure was within the rock.  Evaluating the pros and cons, it was then decided to carve a statue of 39 feet tall out of this rock.

 

 

It was on October 2nd 1967, coinciding with the auspicious day of Vijaya Dashami that the moment of initiation was fixed. As Ratnaverma Heggade had to stay back at Dharmasthala, it was son Veerendra Kumar along with the family members who performed the initial rituals as the first chisel was aimed in the making of the monolith. No sooner did the work begin, apprehensions were raised from all quarters as to how the huge structure would be transported to the pilgrimage centre of Dharmasthala.  As if to shut each of the minds that questioned the seemingly impossible, Heggade was candid in his remarks as he said "I have initiated the move and will show its logical end, nothing is impossible when you have the blessings of Lord Manjunatha".

 

 

Rightly, Ratnaverma Heggade is often called the architect of the new Dharmasthala.  Despite  ascending to the revered post of Heggade in 1995 and being the custodian of the temple town for just 13 years, Ratnaverma Heggade carved a new look for the famous and historically acclaimed pilgrimage centre situated in the backdrop of the rural environs.  Rendering utmost priority to cleanliness, discipline of the personnel among other aspects, he successfully organized the silver jubilee of the 'Sarva Dharma Sahitya Sammelana' (Inter-religious and literary meet) in 1957.  Aptly, the then seer of Kaniyoor Mutt in Udupi Sri Vidyavaradhi Theertha Swamiji conferred on him the title 'Dharma Veera'.

 

Being a legislator between 1957 and 1962, he strived for the overall development of the area, significant achievements being the commissioning of the all-weather bridge across river Nethravathi, asphalting of the link roads, the welcome arches inviting the visitors to the temple town, the guest houses Ganga, Kaveri among others with as many as 226 rooms and so on.  While he was instrumental in the construction of a silver chariot to Lord Manjunatha, his greatest contribution was the establishing of Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College in 1966 to provide the much needed higher education to the rural populous.

 

 

In 1968, at the tender age of 20, the just then graduated Sri Veerendra Heggade took the reigns of the responsibilities of the adobe of Lord Manjunatha. The responsibilities on his young shoulders were enormous.  Apart from supervising and planning the completion of the sculpture of Lord Bahubali, he was bestowed upon the responsibilities of running the educational institutions, development of the temple town and many others. The source of inspiration, encouragement and guidance to all the services rendered by the temple was none other than Mathrushree Ratnamma Heggade.  Having been born and brought up in a very orthodox family with immense faith in religious traditions, she showed immense interest and involvement in the socio-cultural and religious activities of Shree Kshetra.

Not only did she observe strict penance during the making of the monolith of Lord Bahubali right up to its consecration, but she also taught all the righteousness to her children.

 

 

Mathrushree as she was called, Ratnamma was instrumental in the renovation of numerous temples and Basadis rendering financial assistance, preservation of ancient manuscripts and such other activities. She had great concern for the little children and did her bit in providing them the much needed education. She was a regular visitor to the institutions and hostels, seen interacting with the students and enquiring about their well being.  She also took over the reigns of Sri Bahubali Shravikashrama at Karkala to provide hostel facility to the deserving and needy girl students. Her talent and aptitude in the field of literature was clearly visible in her writings through the column "Magaligondu Patra" in the editions of Manjuvani which received widespread appreciations from its readers.

 

Facing the challenges ahead, young Veerendra Heggade, known for his innate qualities of confidence and commitment, meticulously planned to tackle all the hurdles on his way with a blend of innovation and devotion. The immediate task ahead was the completion of the monolith, its transportation and the ritual of consecration. After consultations with experts in the field, Sri Deenanath Oban from Mangathram Brothers came forward to risk the daunting task of transporting the super structure.  A tailor-made chassis with 46 wheels attached to a truck powered by 250 Horse Power engine was readied for the purpose. All along the route, the bridges were strengthened with iron cribs from the Indian Railways, to pass 5 major rivers and as many as 180 rivulets. Technical assistance was sought from National Institute of Technology Karnataka (then known as Karnataka Regional Engineering College), Surathkal.

 

 

Beginning its journey on February 27, 1973 after being mounted on the trolley, the jubilation spiked up its peak as the idol of Bahubali reached Dharmasthala a fortnight later on March 20, 1973.  All along the way, people enthusiastically came forward to welcome the truck with arches, served food and eateries to the personnel involved.  It was only on December 26 of 1975 that the statue was carefully erected temporarily.  In the meanwhile, on May 5, 1970, the then President of India V. V. Giri visited Ratnagiri hillock to perform the ritual as part of the foundation stone laying ceremony for the consecration of the monolith.

 

Eventful was the period, as on December 26, 1972, Veerendra Heggade married Hemavathi as final touches were being given to the idol of Lord Bahubali.  A spectacle was in the offing as the intricately carved monolith of Lord Bahubali standing 39 feet tall was consecrated with the first Mahamasthakabhisheka under the guidance of Sri 108 Vidyananda Munimaharaj from northern India. The Heggade couple were showered with appreciations for the elaborate arrangements for the festivities.

 

 

It is also interesting to note that the then Chief Minister Gundu Rao announced a day's off for the ongoing assembly session to enable as many legislators as possible to attend the anointment ceremony, thus creating a history of sorts. Legislators and ministers were felicitated during the festivities.

 

The second Mahamasthakabhisheka was held with even more grandeur in 1995 under the gracious presence of Acharya Sri Vardhamana Sagar Munimaharaj and Shri Charukeerthi Bhattaraka Mahaswamy of Shravanabelagola.  Jain mutt pontiffs from Karkala, Moodbidri and Narasimharajapura, seers from far and wide, the then speaker of Lok Sabha Shivraj Patil, Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka J. H. Patil among others were witness to the festivities.

 

 

Mathrushree Ratnamma, through her devotion and dedication has played a pivotal role in guiding the conduct of the two mega events.

 

In the threshold of the first Mahamasthakabhisheka of his millennium, preparations are afoot for the anointment of Lord Bahubali in the temple town, spread over a week from January 28 to February 3 this year. The significant event in the recent times, will be guided by Revered Acharya 108 Vardhamana Sagar and revolutionary Jain muni, Tarun Sagar Maharaj. A host of Jain pontiffs from Shravanabelagola, Karkala, Moodbidri, Narasimharajapura, Kanakagiri, Arhantagiri, munis, matajis and hundreds of Shravaks will be part of the festivities.

 

 

After the inaugural ceremony on January 28th 2007, the ritual of Panchakalyana of Lord Parshwanath will take place on the following day.  While 504 Kalash will be anointed from February. The grandeur of 1008 Kalash Mahamasthakabhisheka will be witnesses on February 2nd and 3rd.  A bouquet of cultural and religious programmes have been lined up to supplement the conduct of the Mahamasthakabhisheka. Eminent danseuse Shobana will perform on January 28th, so also playback singer Anuradha Paudval and Kavitha Paudval. Cine Star Hema Malini will present a Bharatanatyam performance on February 1st while eminent singer S. P. Balasubramanyam will enthrall audiences on February 2nd.

 

 

The anointment of Lord Bahubali, also known as the Mahamasthakabhisheka is organized once in every 12 years to pray for world peace, societal prosperity, communal amity, universal brotherhood and cleansing of one's soul and mind.  It is hoped that the message of Lord Bahubali spreads far and wide and the event ushers in a long period of brotherhood, harmony and peace in the time to come.

 

 

 

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Mangi - Tungi

Of all the holy places in & around Nashik , which has long been attained the coveted status of the religious capital of Maharashtra , Mangi Tungi is considered to be a unique spot in the sense that for both Jains & Hindus , it is a sacred place. Rarely do two sections of different faiths converge together for a religious purposes . In fact , the place serve as a magestic & picturesque bridge between the two diverse religious cultures & reminds one of there same roots. For Jains especially , Mangi Tungi is nothing less sacred than Kanshi & Mecca . In the religious esteem of the Jains all over the world , Mangi Tungi is placed next only to Sammed Shikhar which is in the North India. Thousands of Pilgrims all over the world come to Mangi Tungi every year

Mythological Importance
Situated in Baglan tehsil , about 150 Kms from Nashik , Mangi Tungi is described as siddhakshetra which means it is a gateway to the state of enlightenment. The mythological tales assure those who are religiously inclined & who are seeking the path of enlightenment that more than 90 crore saints & celebraties such as Lord Rama & Lord Krishna had attained Moksha , the enlightenment at Mungi Tungi . Lord Krishna breathed his last & jettisoned his material body in the same area. It is further believed that his elder brother Balram , came out of the state of deep mourning after Lord Krishna's death & received paramadnyana ,ultimate knowledge which further helped him attain enlightenment at Mungi Tungi only. It is stated in the puranas that the last rites of Lord Krishna were performed by his brother here. Mythological tales further indicate that Lord Rama arrived here with 28000 Kings & 46000 others including his dear & close confidante , Lord Hanuman & after rigorous penance they all merged with the ultimate univerasl force. His wife Seeta also attained divinity at Mangi Tungi . Sevearl Jain sages also attained divinity at Mangi Tungi & even today it is a home for the seekers of truth & knowledge of the universe .

Rich Heritage
Apart from the religious importance of the place , Mangi Tungi boasts of a rich heritage value . Mangi & Tungi are actually the names of two peaks situated close to each other. Mangi peak is 4343 feet high while Tungi is 4366 feet high from the sea level. The 4500 steps which lead one to the foot of the peaks where several important monuments of immense historical & religious value stand amidst breath-taking majesty of mother nature also assure the visitors instant reduction of flab gathered around their tummies . Hundreds of caves with idols of deities & sages , carved from the mountain rock , in them are the main highlight of the place. Near Mangi peak there are several caves named after deities & sages who were liberated there such as Seeta , Mahaveer , Adinath , Shantinath , Parshwanath & Ratnatrya. Their idols in yogic postures are found in the caves . In Balabhadra cave too there are several idols in similar positions. The tourists find many huge idols in the open also. Krishna Kunda is close to the Tungi peak where Lord Krishna was believed to have been cremated. Other caves house the idols of Lord Rama & his dear & near ones. What attracts attention, however, imediately after reaching the place is mammoth , 31 feet high statue of hagwan Bhuubaliwhich was erected recently in 1996. The serpentine steps look like a cleavage of both the mountains . The steps, however, are the additions made in the modern times for the convenience of the pilgrims . There are caves named after several Jain sages like Subuddhamuni , Muni Suwratanath , Bhagwan Bahubali & 24 Teerthnkars in the middle of the stairway . At the foot of the hills there are three temples housing not less than 75 idols. Besides religious fervor , Mangi Tungi certainly is a paradise for hikers & heritage lovers as the mountain is not only surrounded by many historical spots & old forts but also gifted by picturesque nature . The great festival on the mountains is celebrated every year in the holy month of Kartik ( September - October ) when Hindus & Jains converge in large numbers to witness the grand Rathyatra. Interested tourists wanting to visit Mungi Tungi hilla , there is facility to stay in Dharmashalas & food at reasonable rates are provided . The ambience there is still free from either sinister CO or deadly decibels

Kamal Basadi of Belgaum

Belgaum is home to many ancient Jain temples. Of them all, KamalBasadi, is definitely worth a visit, writes Naushad Bijapur.

Known as the Sugar Bowl of Karnataka, Belgaum city has an enviableheritage and presents much to be discovered. It lies in the zone ofcultural transition between Kamataka, Maharashtra and Goa with aknown antiquity clearly traceable up to second century AD.This fast developing district headquarters is a picture of contrasts.While on one side is the old town area where cotton and silk weaversstill create the famous sarees, on the other side is the modern,bustling, tree-lined cantonment built by the British. Over severaldecades, monuments of historical importance at the Belgaum cantonmenthave been attracting tourists in large numbers. The Belgaum forttakes center stage, and at the Fort entrance are two shrines, onededicated to Lord Ganapathi, and the other to Goddess Durga.KAMAL BASADI: Within the walls of the fort is Kamal Basadi, ahistoric, Chalukya style Jain temple. A fabulous Neminatha idol inblack stone, found in this temple, is one of the greatest creationsof history. The masterpiece of this temple is the "Mukhamantapa" witha well executed lotus on its ceiling.

For long, Belgaum has been a famous centre for Jains and is home tomany ancient Jain temples. The trend of constructing Jain temples inthis region started during the period of Chalukyas of Kalyana whowere the Chief power in the Deccan from the 10th to 12th century.Innovative builders, their influence continued to inspire the otherdynasties like the Hoysalas, Gangas, Kadambas and Rattas too,resulting in many Jain temples in and around Belgaum.Presently under the jurisdiction of the Archeological Department,Kamal Basdi is so called because of the dome (Gumbaj) of the templewhich is constructed in the form of a lotus made out of 72 petals.The past, present and future 24 Tirthankars of each period are shownon the 72 petals of the lotus flower.

The stone carved Sinhasan of Bhagwan Neminath is very artistic. Thepillars of the temple are decorated with carvings and are brightlypolished. As per historical findings, the idol of Bhagwan Neminathawas found in the forest about 200 years ago. The history of idols andother statues of this temple can be traced back to 11th century AD.Attractive idols of Bhagwan Sumatinath in the kayotsarga posture,idol of Bhagwan Parshwanatha under the shade of seven-hooded Nagaraj,idol of Bhagwan Adinath in the padmasana posture and the idol ofNavagraha can also be seen in this temple.

Raju Doddannavar, a member of the noted Doddannavar family ofBelgaum, which is taking care of Kamal Basadi for almost 100 yearsnow, says, "The prayers at this temple have hardly stopped ever sinceit was built centuries ago. Though the British stopped the pooja atthe temple in the 1940s, my great grandfather Basappa Doddannavar andmy grandfather Ramachandra Doddannavar, used to squeeze into thetemple from one corner to offer prayers.''

He said his was the fourth generation to take care of the temple. TheArchaeological Department took up the total renovation of this templein 1996 and did it without disturbing its original plans and shape.The temple has gained prominence in the recent years owing to thevisit of noted Jain munis. Tarun Sagar Maharaj, a noted Jain saint,often visits the fort locality and gives discourses. The templemanagement has also started constructing a Muni Nivas at the premisesof Kamal Basadi to house Jain swamis.

Mangalayatan: Great Jain Pilgrimage Center

The magnificent compound

Spread over an area of more than 40,000 square yards, Mangalayatan is one of the largest Jain pilgrimage centres in this part of the country. Its development plan was designed to adhere to the international quality construction and safety standards without compromising with the related religious concepts, guidelines and traditions, which have been implemented in minutest detail. After the completion of the first phase of development, the complex has been termed by experts and scholars as scientifically perfect and religiously authentic.

Estimated cost for the first phase of construction has been Rs. 5 Crore. It also includes the cost of 40 thousand square yards of land. Second phase of construction is estimated to cost Rs. 3 Crore. This phase of Manglayatan's development should complete by the end of year 2004, following which the third and final phase would begin. Mangalayatan has already created a record of sorts by completing the first phase development work within the predefined deadline of 2 years. During this phase, all the major devalayas and basic facilities have been constructed. With its picturesque look and peaceful ambience, Mangalayatan has not only become popular among the Jain devotees, but has also become a major tourist attraction for people visiting Aligarh or the neighboring cities.

Bhagwan Adinath Mandir

Mangalayatan features Bhagwan Adinath as the main deity, the Moolnayak. His temple has been constructed on an artificial hill running across the complex. The hill starts from the height of 4' and rises to 31'. On its peak, a white marble platform measuring 16' x 16' x 2.5' supports a 10' high pink marble lotus throne. Seated on this is an impressive 111'' high white marble statue of Bhagwan Adinath with halo (bhamandal) and three umbrellas (chhatras).

The statue, towering a maximum height of over 55 feet from the ground level, is a fascinating sight to anyone passing on the Agra-Aligarh highway. A staircase has been built for the devotees to climb up to the temple. For people who cannot climb stairs, a ramp way has been constructed. Installation of a high speed lift is also being planned for use by handicapped, disabled and aged persons.

Bhagwan Mahavir Mandir

Shri Adinath Kund-kund Kahan Digamber Jain Trust has enshrined Teerthankar Mahavir as 'Vidhinayak' in the complex. His beautiful temple has been constructed over an area of 4500 square feet. Inside this temple, His 33 inches high marble statue is seated on the vedi built of white marble. It is surrounded by 30" high marble statues of Bhagwan Shantinath, and Bhagwan Parshvanath, sitting on white marble vedis. Bhagwan Mahavir Swami and Videhinath Bhagwan Seemandhar Swami's Ashtadhatu Jin-bimbs (statues) have also been established in the temple.

This temple has also been adorned with portraits of Bhagwan Kundkundacharyadev and Amritchandracharyadev engraved on marble slabs measuring 4' x 4.5'. These pictures, framed in beautifully engraved white marble frames, have been placed on the walls of the temple. Except the sanctum sanctorum (garbha griha), the rest of the hall of 50' x 50' is being utilised for meditation, religious discourses etc.

On the walls of Mahavir Swami Jinalaya, 150 marble slabs have been fixed, on which Shri Samaysar gathas written by Bhagwan Kundkundacharyadev have been engraved.

Bhagwan Bahubali Mandir

Bhagwan Bahubali Temple, covering an area of around 4000 sq. feet, is also a special attraction of Mangalayatan complex. The temple houses a white marble statue of Bhagwan Bahubali in standing posture. The 7'3" high statue stands on a 24" high lotus platform. The temple also has statues of Muniraj Bahubali and Muniraj Bharat in standing postures.

Design of Bahubali temple is the same as the Mahavir temple. The hall of the temple has been adorned with portraits of Dharsenacharyadev and Muniraj Padmaprabhamaldharidev. These portraits have been engraved on 4' x 4.5' sized marble panels. Marble slabs of 4' x 2' size, engraved with the text of the 7th Adhikar (chapter) of Acharyakalpa Pt. Todarmalji written Shri Mokshamarga-prakashak and Pt. Daulatramji written Shri Chheh-dhala, have also been fixed on the walls of the temple.

The Bahubali temple will also house a small library and a research institute until their spacious individual buildings, proposed to be built in the second phase of development, are ready.

Shri Bhagwan Adinath Swami Mansatambh

The Manstambh at 'Mangalayatan' is a replica of the Manstambh of Bhagwan Seemandharnath erected in Songarh, the sadhnabhumi of our revered gurudevshri kanji Swami and Bhagwatimat Champaben.

The bottom of the proposed Manstambh has been adorned with Chitrapats (pictures) of the Tirthankars, Acharyas, Upadhyayas, Munirajs and Gurudevshri kanji Swami in different postures, in 3 steps in all 4 directions. These pictures are seated inside three cornices measuring 20' x 20' x 3.5', 16' x 16' x 3' and 12' x 12' x 2.5'. Above these cornices, there is a beautiful Jinalaya (temple) in which four pink statues of Lord Adinath, each with a height of 23 inches, have been seated on lotus platforms. On the top of the tower, four more pink statues of Bhagwan Adinath, each with a height of 27 inches, have been placed. These statues, all seated on lotus platforms, look in four different directions.

The ever flying flag on the top of the 63 feet high Manstambh always extends invitation to all the living beings to rid themselves of the feeling of 'I' and experience the unparalleled and out-of-this-world joy in the court of Jinendra Bhagwan.

To attain the highest standards of craftmanship, experienced and skilled sculptors from Jaipur had been commissioned to give shape to the magnificent manstambh.

Click here to read the details of the second phase of development.

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Ellora Jain Caves

The followers of the Jainism were the last to arrive at Ellora. The Cave nos. 30 – 34 belongs to the Jaina tradition. They are generally dated between 9th and 11th – 12th centuries A.D. Out of the five caves, Caves 32 and 33 are most important. They are known as Indra Sabha and Jagannath Sabha respectively. Cave 30 is an unfinished excavation resembling the Great Kailasa; hence it is known as Chhota Kailasa (Small Kailasa). The technique of rock excavation and converting it into structures can be well understood from the unfinished excavation.

CAVE 32 (INDRA SABHA)

The Cave 32 known as Indra Sabha is actually a series of shrines dedicated to Mahavira and other Jaina divinities aesthetically arranged in double storeys. The main entrance of Cave 32 is on the south, the gate in the form of a Dravidian gopura. The entrance leads into a small court at the center of which is a monolithic shrine on a high pedestal. A huge monolithic pillar known as manastambha is to its right and a colossal monolithic elephant to its left. The manastambha measures 28 feet in height and is crowned by four seated images facing the cardinal directions. The monolithic elephant reminds one of the elephants sculpted in the court of Kailasa, but, here it is more elegant and well preserved.

The monolithic shrine at the center is reached by a flight of steps on the south and north, and with provisions of entrance on east and west but without steps. At the center of the shrine is the Sarvatobhadra, a concept in Jainism of worshipping the four important tirthankaras, viz., Adinatha or Rshibhanatha (1st), Parsvanatha (22nd), Neminatha (23rd) and Mahavira (24th). The images of these tirthankaras are depicted on the cardinal directions. The superstructure of the shrine is in Dravidian order with local variations.

The court leads to multiple shrines, two on the west, one on the north and one on the east. All these shrines are primarily dedicated to Mahavira, flanked by his attendant deities, Indra on elephant and Ambika on lion. The side walls of the shrines usually depict the images of Gomateshwara (the son of Rishabhanatha, in penance), Parsvanatha with the snake hood and subsidiary deities.

A flight of steps leads us to the first storey through the bigger shrine at the north of the court. The steps lead into a large shrine on the first floor, with side entrances on the east and west leading to smaller shrines. Invariably these shrines are also dedicated to Mahavira. Here one can see the remains of murals executed on the ceilings and the wall portion of the caves.
The exit on the west leads to two smaller shrines dedicated to Mahavira. A small exit on the southwest corner of this shrine takes us to a huge shrine of Mahavira. The pillars, wall portions are exquisitely decorated with sculptures. The pillars are elaborate and depart well with the earlier period traditions. The doorway of the shrine is also elaborately carved with multiple bands of sculptures.

The less-travelled places of Mount Abu

H S Manjunatha makes a mention of lesser-known places in Abu that are worth a visit for a nature lover.

Dr Kota Shivarama Karanth in his travelogue ‘Aboovinda Baraamakke’ (first published in 1950) says, “True, to the one who travelled in the Rajaputana desert, Mount Abu is Amaravathi. Cool air, winding tar road, plenty of mango, bamboo and palm trees, small streams of water here and there.” Sun and clouds were playing hide and seek when he was trying to photograph near Delwara temple. Most of the tourists are from Rajputana, some are from Gujarat. Karanth was fascinated by their dress, the headgear in particular and also their moustache!My visit happened in March. Now the picture is different. Tourists from other states and even foreign countries are found in good numbers.

If you want to see nature, you have to get away from the town. Salgaon is about 5 km from the town near the Gyan Sarovar Campus of Brahma Kumaris. It was just a day after ‘Holi ka Dahan’. We came across a procession. Leaving the two-wheeler at a spot beyond the village, we walked towards a strange rock formation. A checkdam is proposed to be built here.

Temple treat

Achalgarh is about 11 km from the town. People go there to see Adeshwar Jain Mandir and Achaleswar Mahadev Temple. But a little below and away, around Mandakini Kund you get a rustic vista. Three stone statues of buffaloes with a hole in their belly! I get the story only later: demons used to trouble sage Vasishta in the form of buffaloes. Raja Adipala Paramar is supposed to have killed them with one arrow!

Scenic landscape

Nature seemed to be undisturbed and unspoilt here. Reason - the place is sparsely populated even now. The shops are only on the way to the temples. The scenic landscapes include gigantic blocks of rocks in weird shapes, an array of coniferous trees, flowering shrubs, lovely lakes and the cool climes’ boasts a brochure. But the lakes are looking more artificial, small shrines are coming up in the rocks, quite a few trees have made way for tourism.

A V Pandya’s ‘Abu in Bombay state’ (1952) is an interesting study. Apart from tracing the history from Rigvedic times, he analyses the transfer of Sirohi State. By 1951, of the 17,000 urban population of Abu Road Taluka, nearly 8000 were immigrants and from Jaipur, Alwar and other areas. Earlier the state had two physiographic divisions: Sirohi tract and Abu area. In 1845, the Maharaja of Sirohi leased out land to the British and the hill station was created. By 1847, 60 British families had settled.

Rajput royal families followed building Bikaner, Bharatpur and Jaipur palaces. In 1950, Sirohi went to Rajasthan and Abu to Bombay. In 1952, Abu was restored to Rajasthan. Pandya says that Abu is culturally more linked to Gujarat than Rajasthan. While the Mughal governors of Jodhpur had looted Sirohi, the Rajasthani immigrants lent money to the farmers and tribals here and gained an upper hand. While travelling to Abu Road from Udaipur via Pindwada and Sirohi Road, I got an inkling of tribal life.

My train journey from Abu Road to Falna, on the way to Ranakpur added another aspect. But Mount Abu is almost bereft of rural culture. While coming down the hill,we saw some old ladies climbing up. My friend told me that they will not take food till they reach Achalgarh and offer prayers to Mahadev. One ‘Aranya Village’ has been created! In the shops near Achalgrah there was an advertisement about a magic pen but ethnic handicraft items were to be seen only rarely.

Karanth calls it ‘Ooty of Rajaputan’. He found people carrying cane props. Some told there were lions in the hills, but all he found were monkeys that too, near a Anjanaya temple midway. A group from Karnataka which visited in October 2004 had come across groups of migrating farmers in frock coats and with sheep on the Chittorgrah - Abu road.

Mount Abu is the only hill station in Rajasthan, the highest peak of Aravallis Gurushikhar (1772 mts above MSL) is here. According to one legend, Serpent Arbuda (from which 'Aba is derived) saved Nandi from a chasm. Now the question is who will rescue the rustic Abu from tourism onslaught? I recall my visits to Kotagiri and Kodai. Narrow roads, small vehicles, tourists who have concern for the local culture - these do not disturb much. But a boom of hotels, shops and fun-lovers can cause damage - although gradually.

Bihar Tourism:Jain Circuit

Bhojpur District

Bisram
It is said that Lord Mahavira, the 24th Jain Tirthankara, took rest for some time at this place during his wanderings, hence this place is called Bisram (rest). The Jains from every part of the country visit this place throughout the year. The Jain temple here contains an idol of Lord Mahavira. This place is in the Arrah town where there are another 45 Jain temples.

Masadh
This village is situated about 9-kms west or rather southwest of Arrah town. There is an ancient Jain temple dedicated to Parshwanath and contains eight images, some of which belong to earlier dates as seen from the inscriptions on each of them. The temple was completed in the year 1819 A.D. while some of the eight images belong to 1386 A.D. as per archaeological records.

Banka District

Mandar Hill
It is about 5-kms north of Baunsi and about 48-kms south of the Bhagalpur town. The hill is about 700-ft high that consists of a huge mass of granite overgrown near the summit with low jungle. This hill is extremely sacred in the Hindu mythology. The Skand Purana associates Mandar or Sumeru with the famous epic or Puranic story of the Amrita-Manthana or the churning of the ocean. The story goes that the Gods and the Demons (Devas and Asuras) with a view to secure amrita (the divine liquor), which is believed to confer immortality, used this Mandara or Sumeru Mountain as the churning stick or rod. The great mythical serpent, Vasuki, was used as the rope. Due to this mythical association, the hill had assumed considerable religious significance and had been a place of pilgrimage up till now. On the summit of the hill two Jain temples are situated. Large number of Jain pilgrims comes here to worship Lord Vasupujyanatha.

Bhagalpur District

Champanagar
The city of Champa, as capital of the ancient kingdom of Anga, is found frequently mentioned in ancient Indian literature. King Karna of the Mahabharata is said to have ruled from here. A western suburb of the Bhagalpur town is at present known as Champanagar, near which there is a large hillock or flat-topped mound, called as Karnagadh, which should have otherwise been attributed to King Karna of the great epic. Champanagar is considered by the Jains as one of their sacred places of pilgrimage. In the Kalpa-Sutra Champa is mentioned as one of the places where the last Tirthankara Mahavira stayed for three rainy seasons in the course of his religious wanderings. According to the prevalent Jain tradition it is believed that Jain Tirthankara Vasupujya was born at Champanagar or Champapuri. There are two Jain temples of considerable size, both entirely built at the expense of the family of Jagat Seth, a supporter. At the nearby hamlet of Kabirpur there is another Jain temple with the footprints or padukas (footwear) of the 24 Jain Tirthankaras with an inscription dated V.S. 1694 or 1637 A.D.

Jamui District

Lachhaur

This is a village situated about 8-kms west of Simaria and 7-kms south of Sikandra. It contains a large Jain temple and dharmshala built in 1874 by Rai Dhanpat Singh Bahadur of Murshidabad, for the benefit of Jain pilgrims, who visit some places in the adjacent hills. The nearest are about 5-kms of Lachhaur and are marked Muth Boodhroop and Muth Purusnath. They are two small shrines picturesquely situated in the valley between two parallel ranges of hills. In each of these shrines is a small statue of Mahavira, one of which dates back to Sambat 1505, while the other appears to be older. The temples themselves, however, are of recent date. Some Jains hold Lachhaur to be the birthplace of Mahavir Swamin, the 24th Tirthankara of the Jains.

Kundghat (Jamui)
It is about 6-kms from Lachhaur. There is a temple of Kundeshwari Devi, which is held sacred by the Jains.

Nawada District

Gonava Jee
Gonava village is situated about one kilometer north of Nawada on Patna-Ranchi road. It is a place of pilgrimage for the Jains of both sects. The Digambar Jain temple is just by the side of main road while the Shwetambar Jain temple is behind it. The Digambar Jain temple built in 1925 is quite beautiful. It has a large marble idol of Lord Mahavira. The Shwetambar Jain temple was built some 800 years ago and has an impressive approach road. The temple has got a marble idol of Lord Mahavira flanked by a granite idol of Sudharmaji and idol of Panch Parmesthi made of Asthadhatu. The temple is famous and known as place of Nirvana of Lord Mahavira’s 1st disciple, Gautam Gandharva.

Nalanda District

Kundalpur
Close to the ruins of ancient Nalanda University a new beautiful Jaisalmer stone temple stands at Kundalpur, which houses statues of Lord Mahavira, Adinath Swami and Gautam Gandharva. This place is believed to be the birthplace of Gautam Gandharva, the first disciple of Lord Mahavira. There is also an ancient Jain temple here, which is centuries old.

Jalmandir (Pawapuri)
Pawapuri,which is also known as Apapapuri, the sinless town, is a very sacred Jain pilgrimage. According to belief, it was here that Lord Mahavira, the greatest propounder of Jainism, attained Nirvana. Hundred of thousands of his disciples and devotees took away the ashes after his cremation here. The rush was so great that even the soils of the area were taken away and it became a tank. Later on, a beautiful temple of white marble was constructed in the center of the tank to commemorate the Lord's Nirvana. This temple is known as the Jalmandir.

Samosaran (Pawapuri)
A beautiful temple commemorates the place where Lord Mahavira sat to teach his disciples. The temple is a circular work of white marble, rising by low steps into several concentric terraces with a beehive shaped shrine on the top containing the footprints of Lord Mahavira.

Maniyar Math (Rajgir)
This monument occupies a prominent position inside the valley, situated almost in the center of the enclosure of the ancient inner city, on the way to the Son Bhandar Caves. Legend is that Srenika or Bimbisara had 32 wives to each of which he daily gave new ornaments, and threw the old ones into a well, which is still shown. A small temple of the Jain, quite modern, covers this well.

Sone Bhandar (Rajgir)
There are two rock-cut caves, adjacent to each other, excavated on the southern face of the Vaibhara hill, facing the western portion of the valley. Of them the western one is locally called as Son-Bhandar- i.e. - Treasury of gold. Local belief is that the piece of rock within this space is an ancient wedge blocking up the passage to the treasury of gold in the body of the hill. This cave consists of a large chamber, 34'x 17' and is provided with a doorway and a window. The roof is of arched shape with a rise of 4'10”. These are exactly the architectural features, quite characteristically and rarely to be found only at the Barabar caves. What is most interesting is the fact that the cave is highly polished inside. A number of short epigraphs can also be traced on the inner walls, the doorjambs and on the front wall. The adjacent cave is in a ruinous state. It consists of a rock-cut chamber, part of its front having fallen. It had once a built-up verandah in its front as seen in the existing traces of a platform and courtyard built of bricks. Inside, on the southern wall of the cave, are six small figures of Jaina Tirthankaras carved in relief and representing Padmaprabha, Parshvanatha and Mahavira. Both the caves were excavated at one and the same time, i.e., in 3rd or 4th century A.D. as indicated by the inscriptions of Vairadeva.

Veerayatan (Rajgir)
Veerayatan, situated at Rajgir , was established in 1973 on the occasion of 2500th Janm Kalyank Varsh of Lord Mahavira. Veerayatan is a socio-religious institution in Bihar, striving for rendering service to humanity, for improving culture and for imparting education beyond the limitation of time and space. By providing unflinching service in the field of community health, education and employment, it has created a social reformation in the locality. Veerayatan is having a 100 bedded charitable eye hospital, which completes the motto of Seva (Services) & Devotion which are the main objectives of Veerayatan. Patients are treated in the outdoor department of eye and general medicine. Also basic pathological tests are carried out as required and all medicines are given free of cost. Entire administration of this hospital is supervised by Dr. Sadhvi Chetanaji Maharaj with her talented Sevabhavis with 25 members including surgeons, Doctors and Medical Students undergoing training of Opthalmology at NJSM. In the hospital a new laser technology called as Yag laser and Phaco (suture less operation) has been installed. In the hospital the polio patients are also treated. Camps for polio and artificial limbs are held every month in the orthopedic clinic. Tricycles and calipers are distributed t the disabled patients to improve their mobility to access the world more freely and live a quality life. These things are given to them free of charge. Most popular and attractive point in Veerayatan is a beautiful art gallery- Shri Brahmi Kala Mandiram. This gallery explains the life of 24 Tirthankars, Jain religion and culture. The gallery consists of more than 50 beautiful panels exhibiting the life of Mahavira and also conveys the importance of Ahimsa.

Patna District

Kamaldah (Patna City)
In the area called Kamaldah, near the Gulzarbagh railway station is a high mound of brick ruins on which stand two Jain temples. There is mausoleum of Jain saint Sthoolhdbhadra and the temple of Sudarshan Swami. On one of them is an inscription dated V.S.1848 (A.D.1792).

Muzaffarpur District

Kund Gram
According to a Jain tradition Lord Mahavira, the last of the Tirthankaras, was born at Kundagrama and at Vaniyagrama was his residence, both the places being part of or near Vaishali. While the modern village of Bania can be taken as representing the site of ancient Vaniagrama. The location of Kundagrama is identified with the modern village of Vasokund, about 2 kms northeast of the gadh mound.

Jain Glory of Maharashtra

Jain Glory of Maharashtra

There are many ancient caves, historical places and pilgrimage centers related to Jains and Jainism in every part of Maharashtra, but most of them are almost unknown to people except the locals. Such places have not got wider publicity like the places in Karnataka, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and other states.

A collective and detailed information of all such important places is not available anywhere. Whatever is available is half baked, written with sectarian and devotee’s views, and without giving historical facts and archaeological information.

That is why Jain Friends is going to publish an important tourist guide ‘Jain Glory of Maharashtra’ giving detailed information of Jain places all over Maharashtra.

The book will contain historical and archaeological importance of each place, myths about the place, How to reach the place, Time table of trains and Buses, contact details of Dharmashalas, guest houses and private hotels, list of other nearby places, Route Map etc.

Salient Feature of the ‘Jain Glory of Maharashtra’

● Articles and information is written by renowned Archaeologists, Historians and Tourist-writers.

● Covers New Pilgrimage Centers also.

● Includes lot of photographs

● Includes Railway and Road Maps.

● Tips on going on a tour, photography, precautions, writing about your tour etc.

● Covers Pilgrimage Centers related to all Jain sects.

Covered Places in Jain Glory of Maharashtra

● District of Ahmed Nagar: Anand Dham at Ahmed Nagar, Jain temple at Shirdi

● District of Pune: The Jain cave and inscription at Paley, Jain caves of Junnar, Parshwa Pragyalay of Talegaon, Agam Teerth of Katraj, Shatrunjay Teerth of Katraj, Naval Veerayatan of Rajguru Nagar, Medieval Jain temples of Pabal and Mahalunge, Kshetrapal Pratishthan of Loni Kand, Important Jain temples of Pune.

● District of Satara: Ancient cave at Nandgiri, Historical temples of Phaltan, New temple of Ataki village.

● District of Sangli: Ancient cave and temples on Kundal hill, Medieval Jain idol at Salgar village, Ancient Jain idols at Ankalkhop.

● District of Kolhapur: Medieval Jain temple at Khidrapur, Historical Jain temple at Akiwat, Silahar temples at Kolhapur, Laxmisen Jain Math at Kolhapur, Jinsen Jain Math at Nandni, Vrushabhanchal Nandani, Bahubali hill, Vidysagar Janmabhumi at Majarewadi, Vidysagar Samadhi at Akiwat, Jain temple in jungle at Ibrahimpur.

● District of Solapur: Historical Jain temple at Dahigaon Kshetra, Jain temples of Solapur.

● District of Osmanabad: Ancient caves of Dharashiv, Jain temple of Savargaon Kshetra, Kunthagiri Kshetra, Ashta Kasar Kshetra.

● Other Districts of Marathwada: Jain caves of Ellora, Jain cave of Ambejogai, Jain cave of Kharoshi, Historical Jain temples of Jatwada, Jintur, Beed, Kachner, Navagadh, Shirad Shahapur.

● District of Nashik: Jain Cave of Gajpanth, Jain Cave of Anjneri, Jain cave of Chandwad, Jain Cave of Mangi Tungi, Padampur Teerth of Nashik, Jain Temples and Ashrams at Devlali, Ner Kshetra.

● Other District of North Maharashtra: Jain Caves of Ankai-Tankai, Jain Caves of Bhamer, Jain Caves of Patan (Chalisgao), Balsana Teerth, Chatany Van, Dhule.

● Vidarbh Region: Historical Jain temples at Karanja, Antriksh Parshwanath Shirpur, Historical Jain temple at Bhadravati, Jain temples at Ramtek, Kshetra Digras.

● Konkan Region: Historical Jain temples of Khare Patan, Sadvali, Devrukh, Bordave, Chiplun, Agashi Teerth.

● Mumbai Region: Podanpur Kshetra and Heritage Jain temples in Mumbai.



Chief Editor of the guide: Dr. Raosaheb Patil
Executive Editor: Dhiraj Jain
Research: Dilip Khobare
Production: Mahavir Sanglikar
Publicity: Sandeep Surpuriya

Contact Details:

Jain Friends, Post Box 58
Jagannath Complex, 199 Mumbai-Pune Road
Chinchwad East, Pune 411019
Cell: 91 989 020 3549
Email: msanglikar@yahoo.com
Website: http://jaintours.blogspot.com

Nandgiri: A Jain Cave Temple in Maharashtra

Nandgiri, also known as Kalyangad, is a fort situated in Satara District of Maharashtra. This fort was built by the Shilahar King Bhoj II in early 13th century. He built 16 forts in total in western Maharashtra.

The Shilahar Dynasty was follower of Jainism. This dynasty ruled all over the south Maharashtra and North Karanatka between 11th to 13th Centuries. King Bhoj II was disciple of Jain Acharya Maghnandi. Acharya Maghnandi was his spiritual and political Guru. The Kings, Queens and Generals of this dynasty were staunch Jains and promoted Jainism in their region.

After decline of Shilahar Dynasty, the Nandgiri fort was captured by Adilshah of Bijapur. The fort was taken back by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in 1673 A.D. As this fort was very difficult to climb, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's treasury was kept on this fort.

On Nandgiri hill, there is a big cave. There is a big lake filled with clear water in the cave. An ancient idol of Shree Parshwanath Swami is situated on one side of the lake in the cave.

A big number of devotee Jains come here for darshan. Mostly they are from western and southern Maharashtra. This place is almost unknown to Jains in other parts of India.

In 1930, Shri. Hirachand Shaha constructed a railing in the cave, which helps us to reach to the idol. Shri 1008 Parshwanath Digambar Jain Gupha Mandir Trust is developing this Shrine. Dr. Vijay Shaha is the President of the trust and Mr. Vijaykumar Randive is the secretary. The trust is running a high school for village children.

I was fortunate enough to visit this shrine with Shri Shirish Shaha (Satara), Dilip Khobare (Pune) and Abhishek Jain Shastri (Sagar). To climb the 3557 feet high hill and to enter in the dark cave, and again to climb down was a thrilling experiment. I think that every Jain should visit this shrine at least once in the life.

You can easily go to the hill by road from Satara, as there is a tar road. Satara is about 110 Km. From Pune. Nandgiri is about 25 Km. far from Satara. You can reach Satara by road/train from Pune and Mumbai. You should start to climb the hill early in the morning or before 3.00 P.M. Climbing on the hill, taking darshan in the cave and then coming back takes 3 hours. It is very difficult to climb down the hill in dark, so you should start early to climb down if you start climbing up after 2.00 P.M. You must have a battery while you visit the cave.

You can stay at Shree Parshwanath Digambar Jain Sanskritik Bhavan, Opp. Ajinkya Colony, Sadar Bazar, Satara 415 002 before going to the hill.

Contact details for more information:
Dr. Vijay Shaha, 170 Sadashiv Peth, Satara 415002
Phone: 0216 2244236

(c) M.S. Chavan

Jain Temples in Bihar

by Anup Verma

Eulogized in history books as the seat of many famous Indian dynasties, the Indian state of Bihar has also been the cradle of myriad religious faiths. It was in this state that Jainism, which today boasts of millions of adherents was first propagated. The chief proponent of Jain religion, Mahavira was born near Patna, capital of Bihar, in 599 BC. At very young age he became an ascetic and meditated for a long time before he became enlightened and thereafter he preached for thirty years until he attained nirvana or salvation. Today Bihar is awash with Jain relics and temples. Sadly however, many of these temples and relics have faded into the mists of time, but those that remain are testimony to the strong Jain tradition of Bihar.

The most venerable Jain pilgrim spot in Bihar is the Jalmandir temple complex at Pawapuri, 60 km in the southwest of Patna. It is here that Lord Mahavira breathed his last around 500 BC and was cremated. It is said that a huge crowd had gathered to witness the funeral of the Lord, and the demand for his ashes among the mourners was so great that a colossal amount of soil was removed from around the funeral pyre resulting in the creation of a water tank. The Jalmandir, a white marble temple, in the middle of a lotus pond marks the exact spot where Lord Mahavira was cremated. There is a constant crush of devotees at this temple. It is commonly believed that by praying here a devotee loses his sins. The area around the temple is a center for curio shops and religious artifacts. Another Jain temple called Samosharan is located little away from Jalmandir.

Rajgir, or Rajgriha, meaning ‘royal abode’ was the capital of Magadha Empire in 6th century BC. Situated close to Pawapuri and Nalanda, myriad historical reasons make it a holy place of prime importance for Jains. Lord Mahavira is believed to have taught here for 14 rainy seasons, many of his earliest disciples died here; also, Muni Suvarata, the 20th Jain Tirthankara, was born here. Contemporary Rajgir is a well known center for Jainism, it lies just north of the ancient site that spreads over seven barren hills- Vaibhara, Ratna, Saila, Sona, Udaya, Chhatha, and Vipula- surrounding a valley: an area that is a virtual treasure trove of earliest Jain holy places. It is littered with ruins of ancient temples and caves that offer an amazing insight into the past glories of Jainism. On Ratna hill, there are foot-idols of Neminath, Parshvanath Abhinandan Swami, Chandraprabha and Shantinath. At the foot of Vaibhara Hill are Jain temples built around 22 hot springs (kunds), which function as public baths. Here devotees or tourists can unwind in the hot emerald-green waters, that constantly bubble and sizzle from the bowels of earth. Shwetambar and Digambar temples located in Rajgir town, are adorned with ancient and artistic idols, which are worth seeing.

Arra, situated 61 km from Patna, is another stronghold of Jainism in Bihar. Many ancient Jain relics, artifacts and images excavated around Arra show that Jainism flourished here as far back as 6th century AD. During the past few decades Jains of Arra have been lavishly religious and because of their efforts this area now boasts of more than 40 Jain temples, which act as magnet for tens of thousands of pilgrims every year. Some of these modern Jain temples are replicas of ancient Jain temples elsewhere and no expense seems to have been spared in constructing them. The imposing ten foot high idol of Bhagwan Bahubali, in Shri Bahubali mandir at outskirts of Arra is a copy of Bahubali swami’s statue in Mysore. The statue is installed on an artificial hillock and the area around it is tastefully decorated with engravings of flowers, fruits and creepers. The famous Jalmandir of Pawapuri aptly replicated in an exquisite poetry in marble at heart of Ara exudes grace and elegance. Sculptors and architects have displayed remarkable finesse in building a wonderful marble temple inside a tank, chockfull with captivating mass of lotus flowers. Within the tank is a forty feet long and four feet wide bridge, which is a gateway to the main temple premises. Enshrined within temple’s sanctum sanctorum is an intricate image of Lord Mahavira. At Nandeshwar Dwip Mandir there are 52 small Chaityalayas of superb workmanship. In Bounsi, a town near Arra, there is the Mandar Giri siddha kshetra, the place of salvation of 12th tirthankara Vasupoojya Swami. The temple has an attractive coral colored statue of Vasupoojya swami, sitting cross-legged.

Excavations in Nalanda- 90 km form Patna- has thrown up many archeological gems, which aptly chronicle this town’s historic links with Jainism. Once there had been a monastic university at Nalanda where Lord Mahavira used to teach, however all that today remains is ruins, which have many stories to tell. In Patna there is an Shwetambar temple and five Digambar temples. Patna museum is a good place to find ancient Jain artifacts, relics and images unearthed in various archeological diggings across Bihar.

Kharvel Festival: Showcase of Orissa's Jain Heritage

By Prabhukalyan Mohapatra

The week long national Kharavela festival coinciding with the traditional Magha Saptami Mela, is observed at the foothills of historic Khandagiri and Udayagiri in Bhubaneswar every year. The festival commemorates the heroic and brilliant rule of the greatest Jain ruler of Kalinga, Kharavela and at the same time showcases the rich tapestry of Orissan classical folk dance, music, handicraft and handlooms.

The festival has been named after Kharavela, the mighty emperor of Kalinga, whose glorious activities and achievements have been inscribed in the Hati-gumpha (elephant-cave) dated 1st century B.C. in Udayagiri hills (Kumari-parvat). As a ruler, he is attributed in restoring the glory of Kalinga through his political and military achievements. Kharavela's greatness in history rests not merely on conquests; rather he is remembered as a protagonist and patron of Jainism. The architectural and sculptural grandeur of the rock-cut caves hewed by Kharavela in Khandagiri and Udayagiri are indictive not only of his religious fervor but were regarded as the precursor of the temple architecture that followed during his reign.

These twin heritage hills cover an area of 200 acres and are protected monuments of Archeological Survey of India. There are about 18 rocks - hewn apartments at Udayagiri alone, with Hatigumpha (elephant-cave) bearing the well known inscription of King Kharavela.Ranigumpha (Queen's cave) of Udayagiri, one of the largest and double storied is ornately embellished with beautiful carvings. The lower storey of Ranigumpha depicts the King accompanied by two queens and attendants, enjoying the dancing. Manchapuri-gumpha tells about the installation of the image of Kalinga Jina which was brought back fromMagadha by the mighty emperor after a victorious campaign.

Khandagiri has 15 caves and the cave numbers 7, 8 & 9 contain the images of Jain Tirthankars. Huge residential blocks carved out of the rocks for the Jain monks are also a big attraction. A temple was also constructed on the crest of Khandagiri for worshipping Jain shrine in early part of the 19th century. At present, there are five temples where images of Adinath, Sitalnath, Rasvanath and Parsvanath are being worshipped.

In the history of rock - cut architecture of India, especially of eastern India, these caves have a significant place, where exists beautiful carvings of floral, vegetal, linear decorative sculptural designs as well as animal and human figures. While the animal figures include elephant, horses, lions and deer; parrots, doves, goose, crane, snakes, lizards etc., can also be seen. Human figures comprising of King, Queen, Tirthankars, dancers, officials andpriests too form a part of the carvings.

The sculptural design of Khandagiri and Udayagiri caves provide glimpses into the social life of people during the reign of Kharavela, where men used to wear turbans and women enjoyed a great deal of freedom which is evident from their participation in dance and musical performance on the rock surface. Apart from the caves rock - cut reservoirs are also seen here which hold rain water.

Here in the back drop of the great historical monument and coinciding with the traditional Magha Saptami Mela, this festival has been planned in a beautiful ambience of tradition and modernity. Hence adding colour and fervor to the traditional mela which lakhs of visitors throng for a period of seven days. To entertain the tourists, cultural programmes are presented each evening throughout the festival. While the cultural troupes of the state perform Odissi, Sambalpuri, Chhow, Ghodanacha, and Shankhabadan as items of folk artshows; the participation by the various Central Government departments makes the festival even more lively and spirited. Moreover, the participation of the galaxy of artists of National and International repute in the cultural extravaganza transcends this week long Kharvela festival into a national carnival. Exhibition of Orissa's handicraft and handlooms like stonewares, bell-metal utensils, artifacts for interior decoration adds to the charm makingthe festival a buyers' paradise.

(PIB Features)

Jain Festival at Palakkad

The Jain Festival at Palakkad reflects the last vestige of Jainism in Kerala. Celebrated in the ancient Jain temple at Jainamedu near Palakkad, the festival is a throwback to the rituals and customs of the yore.

The historic granite Jain temple that is 32 feet long and 20 feet wide displays images of Jain Thirthankaras and Yakshinis. According to a legend, one Sutar, head of the Jains, built this temple 500 years ago for the Jain sage, Chandranathaswamy. . The Jain who came here from Mysore fled from this place during the invasion of Tipu Sultan.